Evidence of Coronavirus (CoV) Pathogenesis and Emerging Pathogen SARS‑CoV‑2 in the Nervous System: A Review on Neurological Impairments and Manifestations

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is an issue of global signifcance that has taken the lives of many across
the world. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the virus responsible for its pathogenesis. The
pulmonary manifestations of COVID-19 have been well described in the literature. Initially, it was thought to be limited to
the respiratory system; however, we now recognize that COVID-19 also afects several other organs, including the nervous
system. Two similar human coronaviruses (CoV) that cause severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-1) and Middle East
respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV) are also known to cause disease in the nervous system. The neurological manifestations of
SARS-CoV-2 infection are growing rapidly, as evidenced by several reports. There are several mechanisms responsible for such
manifestations in the nervous system. For instance, post-infectious immune-mediated processes, direct virus infection of the central
nervous system (CNS), and virus-induced hyperinfammatory and hypercoagulable states are commonly involved. Guillain-Barré
syndrome (GBS) and its variants, dysfunction of taste and smell, and muscle injury are numerous examples of COVID-19 PNS
(peripheral nervous system) disease. Likewise, hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke, encephalitis, meningitis, encephalopathy acute
disseminated encephalomyelitis, endothelialitis, and venous sinus thrombosis are some instances of COVID-19 CNS disease. Due
to multifactorial and complicated pathogenic mechanisms, COVID-19 poses a large-scale threat to the whole nervous system. A
complete understanding of SARS-CoV-2 neurological impairments is still lacking, but our knowledge base is rapidly expanding.
Therefore, we anticipate that this comprehensive review will provide valuable insights and facilitate the work of neuroscientists
in unfolding diferent neurological dimensions of COVID-19 and other CoV associated abnormalities