Preclinical evidence of extracellular vesicles for therapeutic and diagnostic applications

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have promising potential as a therapeutic intervention and diagnostic modality. This chapter comprehensively explores the evidence derived from preclinical studies on the utility of EVs in various applications. Preclinical studies have unveiled the remarkable therapeutic potential of EVs. These nanosized messengers play multifaceted roles in modulating cellular processes, immune responses, and regenerative pathways. In neurodegenerative disorders, preclinical evidence suggests that EVs may hold the key to mitigating disease progression and promoting neuronal regeneration. Similarly, in the realm of oncology, EVs show promise in targeted drug delivery, hindering tumor progression and enhancing the efficacy of therapeutic interventions. Beyond therapeutics, extracellular vesicles have emerged as promising tools for diagnostics. Preclinical studies underscore their role as carriers of biomarkers, providing a noninvasive window into the molecular signatures of diseases. EVs derived from various bodily fluids, such as blood and urine, offer valuable insights into the presence, progression, and prognosis of diseases. The diagnostic potential of EVs extends to diverse fields, from neurology to oncology, offering a revolutionary approach to early detection and personalized medicine. While the preclinical evidence is compelling, translating these findings into clinical applications presents challenges. Standardization of isolation techniques, scalability for large-scale production, and navigating regulatory frameworks are critical hurdles. However, these challenges also present opportunities for further research, refinement of methodologies, and collaboration between scientists, clinicians, and regulatory bodies.